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The Seminole Tribe of Florida is a Federally recognized Seminole tribe based in the U.S. state of Florida. Together with the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma and the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida, it is one of three Federally-recognized Seminole entities. It received that status in 1957; today it has six Indian reservations in Florida. Since 1995, when it established tax-free smoke shops and a high-stakes bingo operation that became the first tribal gaming in the United States, the tribe has generated greater revenues from gaming for education, welfare and economic development. A 2005 tribal audit said it took in $1.1 billion in revenues that year.〔(Sally Kestin, "FEMA paid tribe's hotel tab" ), ''Sun Sentinel'', 29 November 2007, accessed 17 April 2013〕 The tribe requires members to have at least one-quarter Seminole blood quantum. ==History== The Seminole emerged in a process of ethnogenesis from various Native American groups who settled in Florida in the 18th century, most significantly Creeks from what is now Georgia and Alabama.〔Mahon, pp. 183–187.〕 These settlers distanced themselves increasingly from other Creek groups, and expanded and prospered owing to their thriving trade network during Florida's British and second Spanish periods (c. 1767–1821).〔Mahon, pp. 187–189.〕 During this period, they developed alliances with African-American maroons, mostly fugitive slaves from the South's Low Country and some free blacks from the Spanish period of rule. These people became known as Black Seminoles, establishing towns near Indian settlements.〔Mulroy, Kevin. "Seminole Maroons", ''Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast,'' Vol. 14, ed. William Sturtevant, Smithsonian Institution, 2004〕 During the Seminole Wars against the United States in the 19th century, however, particularly after the second war, most Seminole and Black Seminole were forced by the US to relocate west of the Mississippi River to Indian Territory. A smaller group – possibly fewer than 200 – refused to leave Florida and moved deep into the Everglades, where they resisted US forces and were never defeated. They fostered a culture of staunch independence. The modern Florida Seminole, Miccosukee and Traditionals descend from these survivors.〔Mahon, pp. 201–202.〕 The Florida Seminole re-established limited relations with the United States and Florida governments in the late 19th century, and by the early 20th century were concentrated in five camps in the Everglades. The portion who spoke more Muskogee consolidated in the northern part of the Everglades near the Cow Creek Camp, becoming known as the Cow Creek Seminole. The Miccosukee, who spoke the Mikasuki language, were located to the south, in an area cut through by completion of the Tamiami Trail in 1928.〔(Alexander Spoehr, ''Camp, Clan, and Kin among the Cow Creek Seminole of Florida'' ), Field Museum, Anthropological Series, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2 August 1941, pp. 9-10〕 The Cow Creek Seminole eventually received of reservation land in the 1930s, beginning with Brighton Reservation. At first, few Seminoles had any interest in relocating to reservations, preferring their traditional lifestyle to a more sedentary reservation life. Following the efforts of Creek Christian missionaries, more Seminole moved to reservations in the 1940s to form their own churches.〔Mahon, pp. 203–204.〕 Other factors in the move include Florida's drainage of the wetlands and shift toward wide-scale agriculture. This contributed to the depletion of game and other resources by the state's expanding population, reducing the tribal people's ability to live in traditional ways.〔Pritzker, p. 390.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Seminole Tribe of Florida」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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